實驗名稱：壓電(dian)疊堆驅動器的位移響應

　　研究方向：選用(yong)一(yi)種新型的主動(dong)流(liu)動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)——仿生流(liu)動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)來減小(xiao)翼(yi)面(mian)(mian)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)的流(liu)動(dong)阻(zu)力。根據翼(yi)面(mian)(mian)流(liu)動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)反應(ying)時間短、輸出(chu)力大和(he)位(wei)移(yi)(yi)較大等(deng)要求，在(zai)常用(yong)的智能材料中選擇了(le)BCS3-05051壓電(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)驅(qu)動(dong)器(qi)，集(ji)成了(le)一(yi)個柔性(xing)(xing)動(dong)壁(bi)實驗系(xi)統(tong)，模(mo)擬海豚表(biao)皮(pi)高速運動(dong)下(xia)的狀(zhuang)態，并(bing)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)位(wei)移(yi)(yi)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)和(he)數值模(mo)擬觀察其(qi)(qi)減阻(zu)特(te)性(xing)(xing)。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)激(ji)光位(wei)移(yi)(yi)傳感器(qi)對動(dong)壁(bi)實驗系(xi)統(tong)進行位(wei)移(yi)(yi)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)時，發(fa)現其(qi)(qi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)產生的駐(zhu)波存(cun)在(zai)倍頻(pin)現象，引(yin)發(fa)這種現象的緣(yuan)由是驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)壓的相位(wei)差，放大后信號失真以(yi)(yi)及(ji)壓電(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)本(ben)身的遲滯效應(ying)，針(zhen)對這種狀(zhuang)態，提出(chu)了(le)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)示波器(qi)實時監控(kong)，改變放大倍數以(yi)(yi)及(ji)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)非線性(xing)(xing)遲滯模(mo)型來調整驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)方(fang)法(fa)，以(yi)(yi)消除倍頻(pin)現象。

　　實驗目的：通過對動壁實驗(yan)系(xi)統(tong)的位(wei)移(yi)測量和數值模擬，驗(yan)證動壁駐(zhu)波(bo)運(yun)動的減阻效(xiao)(xiao)果。結果表(biao)明，其減阻的機理(li)是駐(zhu)波(bo)運(yun)動在柔性動壁表(biao)面產(chan)生了一列穩定的渦旋(xuan)；駐(zhu)波(bo)運(yun)動的頻率相(xiang)較于(yu)振幅而(er)言(yan)對減阻效(xiao)(xiao)果的影響更大。

　　測試設備：函數(shu)信號(hao)發生器(qi)、ATA-4315高壓(ya)功率放(fang)大器(qi)、激(ji)光(guang)測振儀、數(shu)字存儲示波器(qi)等。

　　實驗過程：BCS3-050518壓(ya)電(dian)疊堆實物圖如下(xia)圖所示(shi)，外層(ceng)為絕緣塑料膜，正負(fu)極線分別以紅色(se)和黑色(se)的(de)標(biao)示(shi)出來并外接75mm長。由于(yu)在驅動過(guo)程中，常(chang)常(chang)會(hui)對(dui)壓(ya)電(dian)疊堆施加不同幅值不同頻率的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)，根據壓(ya)電(dian)疊堆工(gong)作原理，其在不同情況下(xia)的(de)位移不盡相同，測(ce)量了其在不同參數(shu)的(de)交變電(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)的(de)位移響(xiang)應。

　　壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)疊(die)(die)(die)堆驅動器的(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)測量裝置(zhi)示(shi)意圖如下圖所(suo)示(shi)，壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)疊(die)(die)(die)堆通(tong)(tong)過硅橡膠粘連在(zai)剛性(xing)承(cheng)載(zai)平臺(tai)上(shang)，底部可當成固(gu)定(ding)邊(bian)(bian)界條件(jian)，頂部不附加(jia)任何載(zai)荷(he)，完全自由邊(bian)(bian)界條件(jian)。由于壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)疊(die)(die)(die)堆的(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)較(jiao)為(wei)微小，因此將剛性(xing)承(cheng)載(zai)平臺(tai)固(gu)定(ding)在(zai)隔振臺(tai)上(shang)，避免外界振動對測量造(zao)成影響。通(tong)(tong)過函數信號(hao)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)器產生(sheng)(sheng)想要的(de)驅動電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，通(tong)(tong)過功率放大器將電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)進行(xing)放大，然后分(fen)別(bie)以正負(fu)極接入壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)疊(die)(die)(die)堆進行(xing)驅動。通(tong)(tong)過激光(guang)測振儀測量壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)疊(die)(die)(die)堆表(biao)面(mian)的(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)，為(wei)了提高激光(guang)的(de)反(fan)射率，在(zai)其表(biao)面(mian)貼上(shang)增強反(fan)光(guang)效果薄膜，激光(guang)測振儀所(suo)測得距離變換轉換為(wei)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)信號(hao)的(de)變化，通(tong)(tong)過示(shi)波器將其記錄下來并乘以相應的(de)靈敏度(du)，即可得到(dao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)疊(die)(die)(die)堆的(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)。

　　在壓電(dian)疊堆被施加(jia)驅動(dong)電(dian)壓之(zhi)后，通過單點激光測(ce)振(zhen)儀對(dui)其表(biao)面位(wei)移進(jin)(jin)行(xing)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。該激光測(ce)振(zhen)儀基于激光多普勒原理進(jin)(jin)行(xing)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，將輸出激光照射到(dao)(dao)待測(ce)目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)上，同時(shi)收集目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)反射激光，經(jing)干涉產生(sheng)正比(bi)于目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)速(su)度的(de)(de)多普勒頻移信號(hao)，經(jing)內置于控制(zhi)器(qi)內的(de)(de)解碼器(qi)運(yun)算處理，輸出被測(ce)物的(de)(de)速(su)度值(zhi)和(he)(he)位(wei)移值(zhi)。核心設備分別為(wei)圖中所示的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)性能控制(zhi)器(qi)和(he)(he)非(fei)接(jie)觸(chu)式高(gao)(gao)靈敏度光學頭，這里(li)采用的(de)(de)是標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)光學頭，可(ke)(ke)在距(ju)目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)0.5米(mi)~100米(mi)距(ju)離上進(jin)(jin)行(xing)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，具有(you)極高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)分辨(bian)率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)極大(da)的(de)(de)動(dong)態測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)范圍(wei)，可(ke)(ke)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)原子級微弱振(zhen)動(dong)到(dao)(dao)數十萬g沖擊。在帶寬為(wei)1Hz的(de)(de)情況下，其速(su)度分辨(bian)率(lv)(lv)可(ke)(ke)達(da)到(dao)(dao)0.02，位(wei)移分辨(bian)率(lv)(lv)最高(gao)(gao)可(ke)(ke)至0.15nm，對(dui)于壓電(dian)疊堆的(de)(de)微米(mi)級位(wei)移而言，其完全可(ke)(ke)以滿足測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)要(yao)求。

　　激光(guang)位移(yi)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)所得信(xin)(xin)號通過(guo)BNC線傳(chuan)輸(shu)到(dao)(dao)數字存儲示(shi)(shi)波器(qi)中(zhong)，該示(shi)(shi)波器(qi)擁有四(si)通道(dao)，可(ke)以存儲100kpts的(de)(de)(de)數據，最(zui)快更新(xin)速率高達(da)50000個波形/秒，示(shi)(shi)波器(qi)可(ke)以同(tong)時將(jiang)激光(guang)位移(yi)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)發(fa)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)壓信(xin)(xin)號和函數發(fa)生器(qi)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)號記錄下來，通過(guo)數字處理將(jiang)其(qi)輸(shu)出(chu)為電(dian)信(xin)(xin)號，從中(zhong)可(ke)以得到(dao)(dao)壓電(dian)疊(die)堆的(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)位移(yi)與所施加的(de)(de)(de)激勵源(yuan)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)關系。

　　實驗結果：從上(shang)述壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆工作原(yuan)理來看，壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆在(zai)(zai)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)的位移響應與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)基本成正比(bi)關(guan)系(xi)，但在(zai)(zai)實際工作中(zhong)，通常驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)會根據(ju)需(xu)求進行實時(shi)變(bian)化，也就是說施加(jia)在(zai)(zai)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)幅(fu)值(zhi)并(bing)不(bu)是一個定值(zhi)，在(zai)(zai)變(bian)化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)幅(fu)值(zhi)下(xia)，壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆驅動(dong)(dong)器內部連接(jie)用的膠(jiao)層由于剛(gang)度與(yu)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶瓷(ci)(ci)片相差較大，其變(bian)形速度與(yu)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶瓷(ci)(ci)片并(bing)不(bu)一致，因此需(xu)要(yao)研(yan)究其位移響應與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)之(zhi)間的關(guan)系(xi)。

　　對(dui)(dui)于壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊(die)堆(dui)而言(yan)，為(wei)(wei)了(le)研(yan)(yan)究電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)幅值與位(wei)(wei)移(yi)響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)線性關系，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)幅值是線性增長，也就是對(dui)(dui)于壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊(die)堆(dui)輸入一(yi)個三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)波(bo)(bo)。但是通(tong)常(chang)驅(qu)(qu)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)都(dou)是由(you)平滑的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)函(han)數(shu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式構成(cheng)，因此(ci)對(dui)(dui)于兩(liang)種(zhong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)波(bo)(bo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)，首先需(xu)要(yao)(yao)研(yan)(yan)究其函(han)數(shu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式對(dui)(dui)于壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊(die)堆(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)會有(you)什(shen)么影響(xiang)。通(tong)過(guo)(guo)任意函(han)數(shu)發(fa)生(sheng)器，對(dui)(dui)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊(die)堆(dui)分別施加(jia)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)波(bo)(bo)和(he)最常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)函(han)數(shu)正弦(xian)波(bo)(bo)，兩(liang)種(zhong)波(bo)(bo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頻率一(yi)致，并(bing)且(qie)盡量小，接近于直流(liu)狀態，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)峰峰值也一(yi)致，如(ru)圖2.7(a)所示(shi)。通(tong)過(guo)(guo)激光位(wei)(wei)移(yi)傳感器測得(de)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊(die)堆(dui)在(zai)(zai)兩(liang)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)波(bo)(bo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)，如(ru)圖2.7(b)所示(shi)。圖中可以(yi)(yi)看出(chu)，兩(liang)種(zhong)波(bo)(bo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊(die)堆(dui)驅(qu)(qu)動器位(wei)(wei)移(yi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式較為(wei)(wei)相似(si)，單(dan)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)之間誤差不(bu)超(chao)過(guo)(guo)5%，由(you)此(ci)可以(yi)(yi)看出(chu)，三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)波(bo)(bo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)正弦(xian)波(bo)(bo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)對(dui)(dui)于壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊(die)堆(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)并(bing)沒有(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。隨后通(tong)過(guo)(guo)調整功率放(fang)大器的(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)大倍(bei)數(shu)，對(dui)(dui)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊(die)堆(dui)施加(jia)不(bu)同幅值的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，觀察不(bu)同幅值電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下(xia)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊(die)堆(dui)驅(qu)(qu)動器的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)。如(ru)圖2.8所示(shi)，在(zai)(zai)驅(qu)(qu)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)從60V下(xia)降至(zhi)一(yi)半30V以(yi)(yi)后，最大位(wei)(wei)移(yi)下(xia)降了(le)不(bu)止一(yi)半，并(bing)且(qie)遲(chi)滯曲線的(de)(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)度明顯減小，這表明在(zai)(zai)低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下(xia)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊(die)堆(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)遲(chi)滯效應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)較弱。

　　此(ci)外，對于圖2.7，在(zai)(zai)(zai)施加(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)從(cong)零加(jia)(jia)(jia)載(zai)(zai)到(dao)最大值(zhi)，再從(cong)最大值(zhi)落(luo)回零點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，可(ke)以明顯看出(chu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)加(jia)(jia)(jia)載(zai)(zai)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)之間(jian)基本處(chu)于線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)，但是在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)卸(xie)載(zai)(zai)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)，其(qi)并沒有按照(zhao)原(yuan)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)返回，而是出(chu)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)一個(ge)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，圖中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)體(ti)現(xian)(xian)為(wei)加(jia)(jia)(jia)載(zai)(zai)曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)卸(xie)載(zai)(zai)曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)隙。這(zhe)種滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)與(yu)(yu)磁(ci)滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)非(fei)常相似，構(gou)成壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)片在(zai)(zai)(zai)制作(zuo)流程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)經(jing)過(guo)施加(jia)(jia)(jia)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)(he)高溫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)操(cao)作(zuo)，其(qi)本身具(ju)備了(le)(le)自發(fa)極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力，在(zai)(zai)(zai)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用下，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)片中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)極(ji)(ji)(ji)矩方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)會(hui)(hui)發(fa)生變(bian)化(hua)(hua)，變(bian)化(hua)(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)強(qiang)度P和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)強(qiang)度E的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)(yu)鐵(tie)(tie)磁(ci)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)回線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)非(fei)常相似，這(zhe)種現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)被稱為(wei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)。具(ju)有鐵(tie)(tie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)與(yu)(yu)磁(ci)體(ti)有許多相似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物理(li)性(xing)(xing)質，例如在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)升降過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)回線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)(yu)鐵(tie)(tie)磁(ci)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)回線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有著(zhu)類(lei)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式，鐵(tie)(tie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疇(chou)(chou)與(yu)(yu)磁(ci)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)疇(chou)(chou)對應(ying)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)外加(jia)(jia)(jia)交(jiao)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)下，具(ju)有鐵(tie)(tie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)強(qiang)度與(yu)(yu)外加(jia)(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)并非(fei)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)，這(zhe)個(ge)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)被稱為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)[79]。它形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)是因(yin)為(wei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)晶體(ti)具(ju)有一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)對稱性(xing)(xing)，x軸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶格常數(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)z軸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶格常數(shu)(shu)并不(bu)(bu)相等，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)經(jing)過(guo)極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)后(hou)(hou)仍(reng)然(ran)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)著(zhu)一些與(yu)(yu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)為(wei)90°的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)極(ji)(ji)(ji)子。壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)相對較(jiao)低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)主要是由于外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)使得(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)晶體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)極(ji)(ji)(ji)子發(fa)生了(le)(le)極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)，這(zhe)種極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)也就是逆(ni)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效應(ying)，使得(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)產(chan)生線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)。然(ran)而當(dang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)受到(dao)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)晶體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)(yu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)呈90°的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疇(chou)(chou)逐漸開始運(yun)動，由于原(yuan)本x軸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶格常數(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)z軸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶格常數(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)相等，這(zhe)種兩(liang)軸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉動就導致(zhi)了(le)(le)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)晶體(ti)在(zai)(zai)(zai)極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)之間(jian)并非(fei)呈線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)。另(ling)外，與(yu)(yu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)呈90°的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疇(chou)(chou)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)著(zhu)兩(liang)種類(lei)型，一種在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)卸(xie)載(zai)(zai)后(hou)(hou)會(hui)(hui)重新回到(dao)90°方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)，另(ling)一種則是不(bu)(bu)可(ke)逆(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態，即(ji)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)卸(xie)載(zai)(zai)后(hou)(hou)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)也不(bu)(bu)會(hui)(hui)改(gai)變(bian)，仍(reng)然(ran)處(chu)于極(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)。因(yin)此(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)外加(jia)(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)卸(xie)載(zai)(zai)后(hou)(hou)，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)無法完全復制加(jia)(jia)(jia)載(zai)(zai)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，其(qi)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)非(fei)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)會(hui)(hui)進一步加(jia)(jia)(jia)大，這(zhe)就出(chu)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)

　　壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆驅(qu)動器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)加(jia)(jia)激勵(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)除了(le)其(qi)波形(xing)和幅值以(yi)外(wai)，頻率(lv)也是其(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)一個重要參(can)數。由于壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容性，其(qi)在外(wai)加(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)下會(hui)使得內(nei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)運動，從而移(yi)(yi)動到(dao)正負電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)表(biao)面上。這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)移(yi)(yi)動需要一定的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間，如果(guo)(guo)外(wai)加(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)換過(guo)快，就有可能導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)沒(mei)有移(yi)(yi)動到(dao)位(wei)，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)陶瓷片沒(mei)有極(ji)(ji)化(hua)完全(quan)，相應的(de)(de)(de)產生的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)移(yi)(yi)也就不(bu)同。因(yin)此選用不(bu)同頻率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)正弦(xian)(xian)交變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)激勵(li)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆，測量其(qi)位(wei)移(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)。如圖2.9所示，給(gei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆驅(qu)動器(qi)施加(jia)(jia)一個30V的(de)(de)(de)正弦(xian)(xian)交變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，頻率(lv)分別為1Hz、10Hz和100Hz，從激光測振儀(yi)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)來看，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆的(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)位(wei)移(yi)(yi)與正弦(xian)(xian)交變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)頻率(lv)成反(fan)比關系(xi)，頻率(lv)增(zeng)大(da)(da)時(shi)(shi)最大(da)(da)位(wei)移(yi)(yi)減(jian)小，100Hz時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)位(wei)移(yi)(yi)比之1Hz時(shi)(shi)減(jian)小了(le)10.48%

　　此外將正弦交變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)逐步提(ti)高(gao)，將位(wei)移(yi)的相位(wei)與(yu)(yu)(yu)輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的相位(wei)進(jin)行比(bi)較，從圖(tu)2.10中可以發(fa)現，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)疊(die)堆(dui)的動態(tai)位(wei)移(yi)相位(wei)基本與(yu)(yu)(yu)驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)一致，并且位(wei)移(yi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的相位(wei)差在(zai)1000Hz時達到3°。由(you)于(yu)本實驗中壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)疊(die)堆(dui)一端的邊界條(tiao)件處于(yu)自由(you)狀態(tai)，因此其(qi)加載電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)不可過高(gao)，在(zai)低(di)頻(pin)情況(kuang)下，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)疊(die)堆(dui)的相位(wei)與(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)幾乎沒有關系(xi)。這對于(yu)翼面流動控(kong)(kong)制來說是一個好的特性，在(zai)改變(bian)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)的情況(kuang)下壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)疊(die)堆(dui)驅動器的位(wei)移(yi)相位(wei)并不會隨(sui)之(zhi)改變(bian)，這給了主動控(kong)(kong)制一定的調(diao)整(zheng)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)。

　　圖：ATA-4315高壓功率放大器指標參數

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